The Reading Room

A shelf

The Founding

The documents and the arguments that made the country, and the histories that explain them. The founding was not a single moment but a long argument, conducted in pamphlets and conventions and letters, and it has never entirely ended. These are the texts to read when you want to know not just what the founders decided but what they were arguing about, and why the decisions still bind.

  • The Declaration of Independence

    The source. We hold these truths to be self-evident. Everything the brand draws from, and much of what the country claims to be, begins in this...

  • The Constitution of the United States

    The operating document, the one that turns the Declaration's promise into a working machine of divided power. The Preamble alone seeds half the catalogue: we the...

  • The Bill of Rights

    The first ten amendments, won because the Anti-Federalists pressed for them and Madison wrote them into being. The First protects speech, press, assembly, and worship. The...

  • The Federalist Papers

    Eighty-five essays written at speed to argue New York into ratifying the Constitution, and still the best gloss on what the Constitution is for. Hamilton, Madison,...

  • The Anti-Federalist Papers

    The other side, and they were not wrong. Writing as Brutus and the Federal Farmer, the Anti-Federalists warned that the new central government was too strong,...

  • Two Treatises of Government

    The argument the Declaration is built on, nearly sentence for sentence. Government rests on the consent of the governed. People carry natural rights into society rather...

  • Common Sense

    The pamphlet that made independence thinkable to ordinary people, because Paine wrote the way they spoke and aimed straight at the idea that some men are...

  • The Second Founding

    The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments read as what they were: a refounding of the country, an attempt to write the promise of equality into the...

  • These Truths

    The single-volume national history most scholars think impossible, attempted anyway, and organized around the country's own stated ideals. Lepore asks whether the facts of American history...

  • The Radicalism of the American Revolution

    Why the Revolution was more radical than its powdered-wig reputation suggests. Wood traces how a hierarchical colonial society, where rank and deference ordered everything, became within...

  • The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution

    What the revolutionaries were actually reading and arguing about, reconstructed from the pamphlets they wrote to one another. Bailyn found a generation steeped in classical history...

  • America's Constitution: A Biography

    The Constitution read the way the founders asked it to be read: closely, clause by clause, word by word, as a written instrument that rewards attention....

  • Our Declaration

    A close reading of the Declaration of Independence as a still-living argument, taken slowly, word by word, the way a sacred text or a great poem...

  • The Constitution of the United States: Is It Pro-Slavery or Anti-Slavery?

    The closing note of the shelf, and the brand's own thesis in Douglass's words. Having every reason to read the Constitution as a slaveholders' charter, Douglass...