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Establish Justice

James Madison·1787·Philadelphia

...establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility...
Justice is named second among the Constitution's purposes, after union and before peace. The verb is establish, to build and to set up, not merely to keep. The founders understood justice as something a government constructs through institutions, the courts chief among them, rather than a feeling it gestures at. The Courts lens lives in this clause: the promise that the republic would build the machinery to make justice real, and the standing demand that it actually do so.