The Federalist Papers

On Federalist No. 49: Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention, a Reading Room essay

On Federalist No. 49: Method of Guarding Agains...

Michael Fowler

Madison considers Jefferson's idea of settling disputes between branches by appealing to the people through conventions, and gently sets it aside. Frequent appeals, he warns, would unsettle the very stability...

On Federalist No. 49: Method of Guarding Agains...

Michael Fowler

Madison considers Jefferson's idea of settling disputes between branches by appealing to the people through conventions, and gently sets it aside. Frequent appeals, he warns, would unsettle the very stability...

On Federalist No. 48: These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other, a Reading Room essay

On Federalist No. 48: These Departments Should ...

Michael Fowler

Madison argues that parchment boundaries between the branches are not enough on their own. The legislature in particular tends to draw power toward itself, so the design must give each...

On Federalist No. 48: These Departments Should ...

Michael Fowler

Madison argues that parchment boundaries between the branches are not enough on their own. The legislature in particular tends to draw power toward itself, so the design must give each...

On Federalist No. 47: The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts, a Reading Room essay

On Federalist No. 47: The Particular Structure ...

Michael Fowler

Madison takes up the separation of powers, answering the charge that the new government dangerously mixes them. Drawing on Montesquieu, he shows that separation never meant total isolation, only that...

On Federalist No. 47: The Particular Structure ...

Michael Fowler

Madison takes up the separation of powers, answering the charge that the new government dangerously mixes them. Drawing on Montesquieu, he shows that separation never meant total isolation, only that...

On Federalist No. 46: The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared, a Reading Room essay

On Federalist No. 46: The Influence of the Stat...

Michael Fowler

Madison compares the pull of state and federal loyalties and predicts citizens will keep a closer attachment to their states. That attachment, plus the states' own structures, forms a standing...

On Federalist No. 46: The Influence of the Stat...

Michael Fowler

Madison compares the pull of state and federal loyalties and predicts citizens will keep a closer attachment to their states. That attachment, plus the states' own structures, forms a standing...

On Federalist No. 45: The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered, a Reading Room essay

On Federalist No. 45: The Alleged Danger From t...

Michael Fowler

Madison answers the fear that federal power threatens the states, arguing the reverse is the more natural risk. The powers left to the states are many and close to daily...

On Federalist No. 45: The Alleged Danger From t...

Michael Fowler

Madison answers the fear that federal power threatens the states, arguing the reverse is the more natural risk. The powers left to the states are many and close to daily...

On Federalist No. 44: Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States, a Reading Room essay

On Federalist No. 44: Restrictions on the Autho...

Michael Fowler

Madison explains the limits the Constitution places on the states, the bans on coining money, impairing contracts, and the like. These restrictions, he argues, protect the union and the citizen...

On Federalist No. 44: Restrictions on the Autho...

Michael Fowler

Madison explains the limits the Constitution places on the states, the bans on coining money, impairing contracts, and the like. These restrictions, he argues, protect the union and the citizen...